One thing I've noticed after spending years in the wine industry is that people outside the wine world are often confused by the different job titles.
And honestly, it's understandable. All three professions work with wine, often taste wine, and can have extensive wine knowledge. But their daily jobs are actually very different.
The oenologist
The oenologist is the wine scientist.
An oenologist may:
- Conduct laboratory analyses
- Monitor fermentations
- Advise on microbiological risks
- Manage wine quality control
- Provide technical recommendations to wineries
- Work in research and development
In countries such as France, "oenologue" is a protected title that requires a specific university degree.
The winemaker
The winemaker is the person responsible for producing the wine and making the key decisions throughout the process.
Their role includes:
- Deciding when to harvest
- Choosing winemaking techniques
- Managing fermentations
- Making blending decisions
- Determining ageing strategies
- Defining the style of the final wine
The winemaker is ultimately responsible for the wine that ends up in the bottle.
Can an oenologist be a winemaker?
Absolutely. In fact, many winemakers are also trained oenologists. However, the two roles are not identical.
A winemaker may rely on an external consulting oenologist for technical advice, laboratory analysis, or problem-solving. Conversely, an oenologist may also be the winemaker and make all the production decisions themselves.
The Sommelier: The Wine Guide
Unlike oenologists and winemakers, sommeliers usually work on the consumer side of the wine industry. Their role is to help guests choose and understand wine.
Responsibilities often include:
- Building wine lists
- Recommending wines
- Creating food and wine pairings
- Managing a cellar
- Training restaurant staff
- Serving wine professionally
A sommelier needs excellent wine knowledge, but also strong communication and hospitality skills.
The wine merchant
The wine merchant (caviste) selects, buys and sells wine directly to consumers.
Traditionally, a wine merchant works in a wine shop, but the role can also include online wine retail, wine subscriptions, and private client sales.
Their responsibilities often include:
- Selecting wines from producers
- Purchasing and managing stock
- Advising customers
- Organising tastings
- Building wine selections
- Monitoring trends and new producers
Unlike a sommelier, a caviste does not usually work in a restaurant environment. Instead of helping guests choose a wine for a specific meal, they help customers choose wines to enjoy at home or offer as gifts.
A good caviste needs excellent wine knowledge, strong tasting skills and a deep understanding of customer preferences.
